Recently, annexation of rurales to cities is one of the most important Concerns of planners, which is influenced by complex sets of various factors, such as Political division and sometimes political decisions. Aim of theis research is examination of annexation of rural settlements of Periphery to the cities on the base of the interpretative paradigm is based on framework of Political divisions in the Urmia metropolis area. Rural settlements around Urmia metropolis up to 7 km radius are divided into five categories based on the Height variable. 71. 85% of the villages are on the first group, 20. 39% are on the second group, 5. 82% are on the third group and 1. 94 percent are on the fourth group. no rurales are located in the fifth group (height: of 2201-1924 m, ). This study is practical and based on Qualitative method. In this regard, a case study has been used to conduct research. Research Participants, 42 professionals and experts from related organizations in rural and city affairs (including municipality, Agricultural-Jihad Organization, Governor General of West Azerbaijan Province, Governor and etc. ). Data collection method has been used deep and semi-structured interviews. The sampling method was based on snowball sampling. Finally, the collected data was analyzed using the Grounded theory as a qualitative approach. The results of the research showed that first, annexation of rural settlements to the City, as a complex and Multidimensional process, wich is in accordance with spatial and temporal conditions, under the direct influence of the centralized territorial division system of Iran. centralized territorial division. Then centralized territorial divisions, in the form of factors such as Weaknesses in Political divisions, Geographical proximity, inefficient management centralized economic system and ultimately, causes migration to the rurales around the metropolis, and has led to the annexation of rural to Urmia. Ultimately, the weakening of the foundations of rural activity and economy, scattering of rural management, formation of informal living spaces, and social capital changes are the main consequences of annexation of rurales to the Urmia city.

Introduction: Today livability is regarded as an introduction to sustainable development. A great deal of attention is paid to assessment and evaluation in the field of planning and policy for rural settlements. Livability includes various dimensions such as environmental, socio-cultural, economic, institutional-management, and physical ones. Achieving a livable habitat requires each dimension to be evaluated and improved. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to explain environmental livability of villages around Rasht metropolis. The research is an applied one, employing a descriptive-analytical method and collecting its data via documentary resources and field studies. The statistical population of this research contains the villages around the Rasht metropolis. To assess environmental livability, the paper uses five recognized components, namely green space, pollution (environmental quality), visual quality, landscape and rural perspective, and resilience (28 items). For so doing, it gathers the required information by getting help from villagers and rural managers, thus identifying the study scope. Methodology: In this study Dehyars and living household supervisors were selected through random sampling to respond to the designed questionnaires. It assessed the questionnaire’ s validity, by using previous studies as well as the approval of experts in the field of rural studies. As for assessing the questionnaires’ reliability, it employed Cronbach's alpha method. The results (0. 731) confirmed the questionnaire’ s reliability for conducting the research. Once the questionnaire’ s results were ensured, it got designed to collect information and analyze the descriptive statistics and then for inferential statistics, create an index. For this purpose, the items were first rounded and then, due to the fact that a correct comparison of the items required same value indicators, the negative ones became positive in value. For this convertion from negative to positive, the items had to be either reduced to a constant or reversed, which in case of the present study, the latter was true. To complete the indexation process one should fix scale differences and get numeric information. For this purpose, the research employed standardization method, then to weigh the indicators. Weight assessment used judgments’ opinion method, wherein a questionnaire was filled for each village by well-known experts. There, each component was given a value between one and ten. Afterwards, the average weights were obtained and then the numbers were considered within the range of 1-3, where 3 had the highest weight. Finally, the weight was achieved. Applied scaled-up indexes and mean and standard deviation of the indicators got calculated and further research steps utilized these indicators to carry out quantitative operations. Result and Discussion: Results show the manner and quality of waste collection from the village surface with an average of 3. 85, natural beauty eye with an average of 3. 78, and air pollution (no air pollution was intended as the score changed from negative to positive) with an average of 3. 36 had the highest average, while enjoyment and quality of children's play space with an average of 0. 09, presence of a sewage disposal system with an average of 1. 77, and the quality of wastewater collection with an average of 2. 10 had the lowest average. The high average showed respondents’ satisfaction as well as the possibility of greater impact on rural viability. To determine the effect of the independent variable (environmental dimension) on the dependent one (livability), bivariate regression (simple linear regression) was used with the same method. Test results showed that the amount of determination coefficient statistics (variance explained by the set of variables) was equal to 0. 593, meaning that 59. 3% of the variation in livability could be explained by the environmental dimension. This reflected the impact of this dimension. F statistic was 50. 935, being meaningful up to one thousandth, and representing the dependence of livability on this dimension. In other words, environmental indicators had an impact on livability. In the following, by examining the results of the indexation, it could be found out that among the studied indicators, resilience index, with a score of 9. 49, was the highest and green area index, with a score of 3. 137, was the lowest. Highest score of livability in the environmental dimension belonged to Alman Village, whereas the lowest was observed in Karchovandan village. Finally, there were the Leveled villages, studied in five levels, namely very desirable, desirable, moderate, undesirable, and very undesirable. Conclusion: With the help of field surveys and documentation and by identifying environmental components and items in rural settlements around Rasht metropolis, it was found that villagers were satisfied by the type and quality of waste collection from the village surface, beautiful natural eye, and non-contamination more than other components. In contrast, they were not satisfied with enjoyment and quality of children's play space, sewage disposal system, and collection quality of sewage. After identifying the items and collecting the data, indicative steps were taken and with the help of a single sample T test it was identified that indicators could be generalized to the whole society and then with the help of regression analysis the effect of environmental dimension on livability was shown. By using the mean of indexes, resilience had the most and greenhouse had the least effective indices, with Alman village having the highest livability rate and Karchovandan village, the lowest. Afterwards, the studied villages were ranked at five levels of livability, based on their average score. According to these levels, the villages of Talamseshanbe, Alman, and Bijarbane belonged to very desirable livability level (6. 60-7. 17); Kasar and Pirkolachah to desirable (6. 04-6. 60); Fashtam, Gilpordesar, Pasikhan, Piledarbon, Garfam, Shekarestalkh, and Pachkenar to moderate (5. 47-6. 04); Dareposht, Keshalvarzal, Varazgah, Koleshtaleshan, Kheshtmasjed, Balakoyakh, Roknsara, Lachegorab, Shalkoh, Kizhdeh, Bijarpas, Kisarvarzal, Vishkavarzal, Pasvishe, Tazeabad, Siaestalkh, Komakol, and Mangode to undesirable (4. 91-5. 47); and Rodborde, Tarazkoh, Tochipaybast, Karchovandan, Gorabvarzal, Ravajir, and Vishkamatir to very undesirable (4. 91-5. 47).

Purpose: This research aims to first discover the pattern of rural development around Tehran metropolis and then compare the finding with smart growth principles; finally, it assesses the impact of sustainable development factors on rural growth patterns. Methods: In this study, library research, document reviews, structured interviews and questionnaires were applied to collect data. The present study is a quantitative one regarding the nature and method of data collection. The statistical population of this study consists of the villages around Tehran metropolis that have a population growth rate above 3% and the population between 10000-1000 having local management. Radar and SPSS software were used to analyze the collected data. Results: Villages around Tehran metropolis failed to adapt to smart growth principles, Therefore, the growth pattern of the rural areas around Tehran metropolis is a diffuse growth pattern. Moreover, the physical dimension of sustainable development had the greatest impact on the growth pattern of rural areas. Conclusion: The proximity of villages to the metropolis of Tehran has made them more vulnerable to drastic changes and the growth pattern of the villages tends towards the sprawl growth pattern. In fact, villages affected by the metropolis of Tehran have a scattered texture, high population growth, reduced agricultural land area, high physical growth rate, environmental pollution, visual pollution, etc. In fact, based on the principles of smart growth pattern, the evaluation of the villages around Tehran metropolis reflects the fact that these villages follow a sprawl growth pattern in which the rural programs have not been able to move within the framework of sustainable development.

The livability mean is the power and ability of a place to meet the living needs of residents including material or immaterial to improve the quality of life and creating an appropriate environment for the prosperity of residents which is hidden in the sense of people's satisfaction from their living environment and it is an introduction to sustainability and improving the quality of life. Today its evaluating has attracted enormous interest in the field of planning and policy of rural settlements. The purpose of this study is determine the level of rural settlements based on the indices of livability in the villages around the metropolis of Rasht. Livability levels are determined based on relevant indices. The type of research is practical and the used method is descriptive-analytic and the Copras technique is used for analyzing data and information. The findings show that the continuity and belonging to the place index has the highest and tourism index has the least impact on the livability of the studied villages. The results of the Copras technique shows that Alman and Pirkalachah villages have the best condition and Varazgah and Koleshtaleshan villages have the worst condition in the livability. Based on the percentage of the importance of the studied villages, those are located at five levels of livability including very desirable livability, desirable livability, moderate livability, undesirable livability and very undesirable livability. Results in research can be the reason for future plans and with knowing the priority of villages, proposed programs are more practical and in order to increase the welfare of residents.

Introduction The concept of livability is complex and includes various aspects of life. In general, livability is all the components that are the basis of creating a high quality settlement increase the rate of livability and the level of satisfaction of rural residents. These components appear in different dimensions: environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic, institutional-managerial and physical. Economic dimension is not the only factor affecting livability, but it is the significant one in the opinion of rural residents. The villages around the metropolis of Rasht, like other villages in the country, are facing with various problems., If a place is economically improved, it is more suitable for living. Increasing the economic level Especially for young people will create satisfaction and prosperity in the society, increase the motivation of the residents to stay in the village environment and prevent the migration of the villagers, by investigating this issue, more appropriate planning can be done in the village environment to achieve the desired quality of life. The purpose of the current research is to analyze the economic livability of rural settlements around the metropolis of Rasht.  The study identifies economic indicators that are effective in livability and evaluates them in order to answer these questions: what are the economic indicators affecting livability? which villages are the most economically livable village in the study are?  Methodology The research in terms of purpose is applied study and in terms of methodology is descriptive-analytical. The required information is collected from documents and a field study. The required data are collected by interviewing and a questionnaire from head of household and village managers. The components and items in the questionnaire were extracted from the literature and field studies.37 rural settlements around metropolis of Rasht were statistical population. 516 head of household and 37 rural managers were statistical samples. The number of household head has been estimated based on the total number of households in the study area and using the Cochran formula. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by experts and specialists in rural studies. The reliability of questionnaires was assessed by Cronbach's alpha method. A number of questionnaires were completed randomly to pre-test in the study area and its reliability coefficient (0.837) was calculated which indicates the acceptable reliability. Excel and SPSS software were used in the descriptive statistics section. For inferential statistics, and the process of indexing, the livability scores were used for comparison and conclusion. One-sample t-test was used to prove the significance and generalizability of research results, and regression analysis to show the impact of the economic dimension on livability and for further analysis. The results of the studied villages were ranked according to the economic livability scores at five levels: very desirable, desirable, moderate, undesirable and very undesirable. Discussion and conclusion The economic dimension in livability consists of 4 components and 16 items. The components include employment and income, household expenses, land and housing value and tourism. Component of employment and income had 8 items including having a suitable job (in a village or adjacent town), the variety of available job opportunities in the village, job security and job satisfaction, satisfaction with family income, satisfaction with total family income, satisfaction with family saving and the existence of profitable investment. The component of the household expenses had 3 items including levels of satisfaction with household expenses, satisfaction with housing costs and satisfaction with shipping costs. The component of land and housing value had 3 items including the value of land in the village, the growth of the price of land and the growth of housing prices. The component of tourism had 2 items including the annual number of tourists and the income generated by the presence of tourists. After identifying the effective components and items and the process of creating index, the economic livability scores of each of the studied villages were obtained. The value of land and housing with the score of 9.00 was the highest score and the tourism index with a score of 1.2 was the lowest score. Development of tourism was found an effective way to increase the level of economic livability in the studied villages. Also, considering the livability scores, Pirkolachai village has the highest score of 29.7 and Varazgah village has a lowest score of 94.3. Furthermore, the studied villages are classified according to their livability scores in five groups. According to this rating, Pirkolachai villages is very desirable, Talemseshanbe, Kassar, Alman, Balakkoyakh, Tuchipaibast, Roknsara, Lachegorab, Shalko are desirable, Dareposht, Foshtam, Keshalvarzal, Gilpordesar, Pesikhan, Pasvishe, Komakol, Piledarbon, Bijarbaneh, Pachkenar, Gorabvarzal are moderate, Roudbordeh, Kheshtmasjed, Tazeabad, Siaestalkh, Mangode, Garfam, Shekarestalkh, Kizhde, Karchovandan, Ravajir, Kisarvarzal are undesirable, and Varazgah, Koleshtaleshan, Tarazkouh, Bijarpas, Vishkavarzal, and Vishkamatir are very undesirable on the level of livability. The present research is in line with the research of researchers such as Khorasani et al. (evaluating livability), Isalo et al. (analysis livability economic indicators), Jomepour and Tahmasebi (explanation of livability), Sasanpour et al. (identification of livability indexes), Khorasani, Rashidi et al., and Honarvarsedighian (livability measurement). Finally, according to the conducted research, we can find ways to improve the economic livability. The measurement of livability can lead to proper decisions in the field of rural policy and investment and sustainable consumption of resources, stimulate the participation of village residents and planning correctly which recognizes the capabilities of each region separately, improves the quality of management levels. To this end, the study suggests the following actions: Provide plans for investing in the village - many villagers tend to invest their little savings in the village, but they have not been able to take action because rural managers do not plan on this. The studied villages have a high potential for attracting capital because of the proximity to the Rasht metropolitan area. - Create jobs in village and the follow up supports- creating job in the village increases the motivation to stay in rural areas. In many of the studied villages production united are available, but it is used by non-local labors, nevertheless many villagers work in the cities and other villages. Rural managers can obligate the job owners in the villages to hire local residents. In this case, part of their dissatisfaction about jobs and income will be reduced. Plan to attract tourists – villagers can create activities in the village to attract tourists, and then with the necessary promotions and marketing, they will boost their village.

ntroduction Villages are very important as one of the main sources of production in communities, Therefore, recognizing the dominant economic role of villages in order to play their functional role in the country's production system and also examining the changes in this system are important for a proper economic and spatial planning, especially due to the close relationship between the city and the village through different aspects. Villages close to cities, especially metropolitan areas, are more exposed to this change and transformation than other villages due to the spatial relationship between them and affected by the main city. This role changes according to the environmental, economic, social, cultural and political conditions. The present study aims to identify the process of metamorphosis of Kararaj Rural District around the metropolis of Isfahan and the factors causing this metamorphosis and seeks to find a clear answer to the question that “what are the factors and the process of metamorphism of the dominant economic role of villages around Isfahan” and “what consequences have these villages faced? ".   Methodology This research is a applied research and has been done by using qualitative method and semi-structured interviews with 50 informed individuals. It has a descriptive-analytical nature. In fact, in order to collect accurate information, interviews with rural mayors and local informants and observation were used. Two types of purposive sampling and theoretical sampling were used simultaneously to select participants. Theoretical sampling was used to identify the number of people, determine the location of the required data and find the research path and purposive sampling was used to select the interviewees based on the age of participants. For this purpose, selected individuals from the age group of 30 to 75 years were selected. While understanding the present time, these individuals also remember the past time of the village and provide information to the researcher during this time period. This process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Then, through the open, axial and cross-coding, the desired categories resulted and finally developed the theory.   Results and discussion The results of the research indicate that the studied villages of Kararaj sub-district once had a prosperous agriculture due to their proximity to Zayandehrood River and the Madis (according the Sheikh Bahaei divisions), having prosperous lands and being close to consumption market. Agricultural and horticultural activities along with animal husbandry have been the most important sources of income for the residents of theses villages. However, in consecutive years, the combination of environmental factors along with socio-cultural, economic-political and managerial factors have caused the metamorphosis dominant economic role of the villages. In such a way that the dominant economic role of many villages has changed from agriculture to service and industrial occupations and in a limited number of villages that still maintain their dominant role in agriculture, the amount of this activity has been decreased compared to the past. In these villages, after the weakening of agriculture and the closure of many greenhouses and livestock farms, the labors in service sector have been increased and a large number of manufactures and industrial units were formed.   Conclusion: Finally, the results indicate that factors such as "environmental resource limitation", "proximity to major natural and man-made landscapes" and "different ownership of water and land" and according to the context factors including "rural socio-cultural developments" and "increase in the economic value of land" as well as intervention factors such as "lack of supporting for decision-making organizations" and "weakness and inefficiency in the development and monitoring of land use laws" have led to metamorphosis of the dominant economic role of the villages. "Changing the face of the physical and spatial system", "changing the economic classes of the inhabitants" and also "changing the socio-cultural identity" of the villages are the impacts of metamorphosis of the dominant economic role of this villages.

Spatial justice is one of the main pillars of balanced development inside and outside the metropolis. Today anexample of spatial injustice can be seen around metropolises. This has intensified the spatial poverty traps and increased urban poverty in these places. The distribution ofspatial justice in the metropolis of Tehran is in a dynamicrelationship that is the result of a triple of power, opportunity and wealth. In such a way that by moving from thenorth of Tehran to the southern and western suburbs, thequality and quantity of welfare development indicatorsare gradually reduced and the level of poverty and spatialinjustice is increased. The existing views and discoursesabout these spaces have mostly taken action in the fieldof lack of services and their distribution, but in practice,they have not been able to explain the issue of urban poverty and spatial injustice in these spaces. The purpose ofthis study is a critical explanation of spatial injustice andurban poverty in the suburbs of Tehran, specifically Islamshahr and the Quds City. What factors produce andreproduce spatial injustice and urban poverty in the cityof Islamshahr and the city of Quds? Also, recognizing thedimensions shaping urban poverty and spatial injusticeand then identifying the structures in these spaces in orderto achieve the ultimate goal, which is to change and transform these spaces to empower their residents, is anothergoal of this article. In this regard, using the critical paradigm and the method of critical discourse analysis, datacollection has been done by two methods of interview anddocument analysis. Six categories of power, domination,justice, dependency, ideology, right to the city and citizenship were explained. The result of this explanation showsthat these six categories imply different dimensions of theconcept of power, justice and political economy. Also,the importance of the institutional political dimension ofpower along with other social, economic and physical dimensions has created a shadow of spatial injustice in thesecities. As a result, in order to change and achieve spatialjustice and get rid of the spatial poverty trap, only distributive justice is not the criterion for action, but moving in the proportional distribution of power in the institutionaldimension can be the way forward. It was concluded thatnot only the objective dimension is important, but also themental dimension is directly involved in this matter. Thehidden layer of power in the shadow of ideology has beenable to create spatial injustice, colonialism, domination,dependency and so on. And in line with this article, urbanplanners and managers can cover the hidden mechanismsof urban spatial injustice and spatial poverty traps withsystematic measures and with the aim of changing the direction of movement of dimensions. This article has alsobeen able to bring the critical view of the objectivist viewof spatial injustice closer to subjectivism and also to examine layers such as power, political economy, ideology,etc. in more depth.

One of the rarest forms of informal settlement area in the vicinity of Tehran metropolis in recent decades formed the indicators heavily on Tehran metropolitan city is affected. This study identified areas and informal settlement area Islamshahr based social and economic indicators and the methods and strategies for promoting physical environment Hydrology and ultimately aims to provide accommodation procedures empower neighborhood residents were informal. Research in analytical -descriptive information has been collected documents in coordination with relevant administrative agencies such as the Statistical Center of Iran and Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and field information through discussion groups formed in the fourth quarter and 840 questionnaires goal is achieved. Research findings has shown that one of the cities Islamshahr or special zoning areas for informal settlements and the town of as many cities in the conventional and the same is different. Islamshahr neighborhood south of the Main Abad full symbols in informal settlements is of the city. Because this kind of neighborhood to neighborhood because of the isolated city neighborhoods does not have enough conventional development of a lower level than other neighborhoods has Islamshahr. While these neighborhoods due to being outside the city limits of legal and non-conventional development, physical and social structures, in particular, has the most deprivation.

As a part of the human society, children have formed the future generation of every country, and the child's interaction with the surrounding environment requires his physical and mental development. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the environment that promotes mental and physical development of the child. In order to check the suitable environment for children, the initiative of the child-friendly city has been taken into consideration. The general purpose of this research is to improve the status of two cities from the perspective of a child-friendly city and to identify the appropriate indicators of a child-friendly city and to make a comparative comparison in the two metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The current research is developmental in terms of the combined method and in terms of the goal, and it is based on library and documentary studies, field surveys and interviews. Yeoman-Whitney test was used to analyze the indicators. The results of the evaluation show that in the comparison of the two cities of Tehran and Isfahan in terms of the examined indicators (social and physical, economic, environmental, urban management and leisure), Tehran city in the variable of safety and protection with an average of 3.09 and Isfahan city in Participation and citizenship variables with an average of 3.22 have a favorable level. Although Tehran is in a better condition compared to Isfahan in other indicators, in general, both cities are far apart in terms of standard indicators, and suggestions have been made in this regard.